Forgery Image Detection (Image Authentication) in Matlab

Introduction:

Nowadays, digital images and video are gradually replacing their conventional analog counterparts .This is quite understandable because digital format is easy to edit, modify, and exploit. Digital images and videos can be readily shared via computer networks and conveniently processed for queries in databases. Also, digital storage does not age or degrade with usage. On the other hand, thanks to powerful editing programs, it is very easy even for an amateur to maliciously modify digital media and create "perfect" forgeries. It is usually much more complicated to tamper with analog tapes and images.

Robust authentication scheme:

here is a scheme to ensure the authenticity of digital images is presented. Their authentication technique is able to detect malicious tamperingof images even if they have been incidentally distorted by common image processingoperations.

Code:

Step 1: (Gaussian window function)

 function [window]=gaussian_window()  
 % gaussian window  
 N_window=7;   % window length  
 sigma=1;      
 [x, y] = meshgrid(-(ceil(sigma*2)):4*sigma/(N_window-1):ceil(sigma*2));  
 window = (1/(2*pi*sigma^2)).*exp(-0.5.*(x.^2+y.^2)./sigma^2);  
 return  

Step 2: (Function to calculate Variance)

 function [var_map] = getVarianceMap(im,Bayer,dim)  
   
 % extend pattern over all image  
   
 pattern = kron(ones(dim(1)/2,dim(2)/2), Bayer);  
   
   
 % separate acquired and interpolate pixels for a 7x7 window  
   
 mask = [1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1;  
     0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0;  
     1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1;  
     0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0;  
     1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1;  
     0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0;  
     1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1];  
   
 % gaussian window fo mean and variance  
   
 window = gaussian_window().*mask;  
 mc = sum(sum(window));  
 vc = 1 - (sum(sum((window.^2))));  
 window_mean = window./mc;  
   
 % local variance of acquired pixels  
   
 acquired = im.*(pattern);  
 mean_map_acquired = imfilter(acquired,window_mean,'replicate').*pattern;  
 sqmean_map_acquired = imfilter(acquired.^2,window_mean,'replicate').*pattern;  
 var_map_acquired = (sqmean_map_acquired - (mean_map_acquired.^2))/vc;  
   
 % local variance of interpolated pixels  
   
 interpolated = im.*(1-pattern);  
 mean_map_interpolated = imfilter(interpolated,window_mean,'replicate').*(1-pattern);  
 sqmean_map_interpolated = imfilter(interpolated.^2,window_mean,'replicate').*(1-pattern);  
 var_map_interpolated = (sqmean_map_interpolated - (mean_map_interpolated.^2))/vc;  
   
   
 var_map = var_map_acquired + var_map_interpolated;  
   
   
 return  

Step 3: (Output)

Face Recognition using Local Sparse Representaion in Matlab

The Below tutorial is regarding Face Recognition  Implementation using Local sparse representation in matlab.

Step 1:

           Create GUI in matlab using the below code.

function varargout = FR_Processed_histogram(varargin)

gui_Singleton = 1;

gui_State = struct('gui_Name',       mfilename, ...

                   'gui_Singleton',  gui_Singleton, ...

                   'gui_OpeningFcn', @FR_Processed_histogram_OpeningFcn, ...

                   'gui_OutputFcn',  @FR_Processed_histogram_OutputFcn, ...

                   'gui_LayoutFcn',  [] , ...

                   'gui_Callback',   []);

if nargin && ischar(varargin{1})

    gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});

end

if nargout

    [varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});

else

    gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});

end

% End initialization code - DO NOT EDIT

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------

% --- Executes just before FR_Processed_histogram is made visible.

function FR_Processed_histogram_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin)

% This function has no output args, see OutputFcn.

% hObject    handle to figure

% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB

% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% varargin   command line arguments to FR_Processed_histogram (see VARARGIN)

% Choose default command line output for FR_Processed_histogram

handles.output = hObject;

% Update handles structure

guidata(hObject, handles);

% UIWAIT makes FR_Processed_histogram wait for user response (see UIRESUME)

% uiwait(handles.figure1);

global total_sub train_img sub_img max_hist_level bin_num form_bin_num;

total_sub = 40;

train_img = 200;

sub_img = 10;

max_hist_level = 256;

bin_num = 9;

form_bin_num = 29;

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------

% --- Outputs from this function are returned to the command line.

function varargout = FR_Processed_histogram_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) 

% varargout  cell array for returning output args (see VARARGOUT);

% hObject    handle to figure

% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB

% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% Get default command line output from handles structure

varargout{1} = handles.output;

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------

% --- Executes on button press in train_button.  

function train_button_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject    handle to train_button (see GCBO)

% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB

% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

global train_processed_bin;

global total_sub train_img sub_img max_hist_level bin_num form_bin_num;

train_processed_bin(form_bin_num,train_img) = 0;

K = 1;

train_hist_img = zeros(max_hist_level, train_img);

for Z=1:1:total_sub 

  for X=1:2:sub_img    %%%train on odd number of images of each subject

    

    I = imread( strcat('ORL\S',int2str(Z),'\',int2str(X),'.bmp') );        

    [rows cols] = size(I);

    

    for i=1:1:rows

       for j=1:1:cols

           if( I(i,j) == 0 )

               train_hist_img(max_hist_level, K) =  train_hist_img(max_hist_level, K) + 1;                            

           else

               train_hist_img(I(i,j), K) = train_hist_img(I(i,j), K) + 1;                         

           end

       end   

    end   

     K = K + 1;        

  end  

 end  

[r c] = size(train_hist_img);

sum = 0;

for i=1:1:c

    K = 1;

   for j=1:1:r        

        if( (mod(j,bin_num)) == 0 )

            sum = sum + train_hist_img(j,i);            

            train_processed_bin(K,i) = sum/bin_num;

            K = K + 1;

            sum = 0;

        else

            sum = sum + train_hist_img(j,i);            

        end

    end

    train_processed_bin(K,i) = sum/bin_num;

end

display ('Training Done')

save 'train'  train_processed_bin;

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------

% --- Executes on button press in Testing_button.    

function Testing_button_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject    handle to Testing_button (see GCBO)

% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB

% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

global train_img max_hist_level bin_num form_bin_num;

global train_processed_bin;

global filename pathname I

load 'train'

test_hist_img(max_hist_level) = 0;

test_processed_bin(form_bin_num) = 0;

 [rows cols] = size(I);

  

    for i=1:1:rows

       for j=1:1:cols

           if( I(i,j) == 0 )

               test_hist_img(max_hist_level) =  test_hist_img(max_hist_level) + 1;                            

           else

               test_hist_img(I(i,j)) = test_hist_img(I(i,j)) + 1;                         

           end

       end   

    end   

    

  [r c] = size(test_hist_img);

  sum = 0;

    K = 1;

    for j=1:1:c        

        if( (mod(j,bin_num)) == 0 )

            sum = sum + test_hist_img(j);            

            test_processed_bin(K) = sum/bin_num;

            K = K + 1;

            sum = 0;

        else

            sum = sum + test_hist_img(j);            

        end

    end

  

 test_processed_bin(K) = sum/bin_num;

    

sum = 0;

K = 1;

    for y=1:1:train_img

        for z=1:1:form_bin_num        

          sum = sum + abs( test_processed_bin(z) - train_processed_bin(z,y) );  

        end         

        img_bin_hist_sum(K,1) = sum;

        sum = 0;

        K = K + 1;

    end

    [temp M] = min(img_bin_hist_sum);

    M = ceil(M/5);

    getString_start=strfind(pathname,'S');

    getString_start=getString_start(end)+1;

    getString_end=strfind(pathname,'\');

    getString_end=getString_end(end)-1;

    subjectindex=str2num(pathname(getString_start:getString_end));

    if (subjectindex == M)

      axes (handles.axes3)

      %image no: 5 is shown for visualization purpose

      imshow(imread(strcat('ORL\S',num2str(M),'\5.bmp')))    

      msgbox ( 'Correctly Recognized');

    else

     display ([ 'Error==>  Testing Image of Subject >>' num2str(subjectindex) '  matches with the image of subject >> '  num2str(M)])

     axes (handles.axes3)

     %image no: 5 is shown for visualization purpose

     imshow(imread(strcat('ORL\S',num2str(M),'\5.bmp')))    

     msgbox ( 'Recognized');

    end

display('Testing Done')

Step 2:

Run the matlab function and add the database images to path and train the images using train button.

Step 3:

      Now Select the input image button to locate input image.

          

Step 4:

             Click the Testing button to get the recognized images from database.

Note:

          You should download the database before running the code. Instruction to download the database is in the comment section of the file.

Create Wimax network in ns2 with different Traffic services

Note:

Before Trying this example make sure that your Ns2 works fine with wimax nist Package. 

Step 1:

Create wimax.tcl file and paste the below code into your wimax.tcl

#====================================================
# Test script to evaluate datarate in 802.16 networks.

#check input parameters
if {$argc != 3} {
puts ""
puts "Wrong Number of Arguments! 3 arguments for this script"
puts "Usage: ns datarate.tcl modulation cyclic_prefix "
        puts "modulation: OFDM_BPSK_1_2, OFDM_QPSK_1_2, OFDM_QPSK_3_4"
        puts "            OFDM_16QAM_1_2, OFDM_16QAM_3_4, OFDM_64QAM_2_3, OFDM_64QAM_3_4"
        puts "cyclic_prefix: 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.03125"
        puts "rtPS scheduler: NIST_RR, RR, mSIR, WRR, TRS_RR, TRS_mSIR"
exit
}

# set global variables
set output_dir .
set traffic_start 20
set traffic_stop  100
set simulation_stop 100

# Configure Wimax
Mac/802_16 set debug_ 0
Mac/802_16 set frame_duration_ 0.020

#define coverage area for base station: 20m coverage
Phy/WirelessPhy/OFDM set g_ [lindex $argv 1]
Phy/WirelessPhy set Pt_ 0.025
Phy/WirelessPhy set RXThresh_ 2.025e-12 ;# 500m radius
Phy/WirelessPhy set CSThresh_ [expr 0.9*[Phy/WirelessPhy set RXThresh_]]

# Parameter for wireless nodes
set opt(chan)           Channel/WirelessChannel    ;# channel type
set opt(prop)           Propagation/TwoRayGround   ;# radio-propagation model
set opt(netif)          Phy/WirelessPhy/OFDM       ;# network interface type
set opt(mac)            Mac/802_16                 ;# MAC type
set opt(ifq)            Queue/DropTail/PriQueue    ;# interface queue type
set opt(ll)             LL                         ;# link layer type
set opt(ant)            Antenna/OmniAntenna        ;# antenna model
set opt(ifqlen)         50                 ;# max packet in ifq
set opt(adhocRouting)   DSDV                       ;# routing protocol

set opt(x) 1100   ;# X dimension of the topography
set opt(y) 1100   ;# Y dimension of the topography

#defines function for flushing and closing files
proc finish {} {
        global ns tf output_dir nb_mn
        $ns flush-trace
        close $tf
exit 0
}

#create the simulator
set ns [new Simulator]
$ns use-newtrace

#create the topography
set topo [new Topography]
$topo load_flatgrid $opt(x) $opt(y)
#puts "Topology created"

#open file for trace
set tf [open $output_dir/8MN_out.res w]
$ns trace-all $tf
#puts "Output file configured"

# set up for hierarchical routing (needed for routing over a basestation)
$ns node-config -addressType hierarchical
AddrParams set domain_num_ 2           ;# domain number
lappend cluster_num 1 1             ;# cluster number for each domain
AddrParams set cluster_num_ $cluster_num
#lappend eilastlevel 1 2  ;# number of nodes for each cluster (1 for sink and one for MS + BS
lappend eilastlevel 1 29

AddrParams set nodes_num_ $eilastlevel
puts "Configuration of hierarchical addressing done"

# Create God
create-god 30

#creates the sink node in first address space.
set sinkNode [$ns node 0.0.0]
puts "sink node created"

#creates the Access Point (Base station)
$ns node-config -adhocRouting $opt(adhocRouting) \
                 -llType $opt(ll) \
                 -macType $opt(mac) \
                 -ifqType $opt(ifq) \
                 -ifqLen $opt(ifqlen) \
                 -antType $opt(ant) \
                 -propType $opt(prop)    \
                 -phyType $opt(netif) \
                 -channel [new $opt(chan)] \
                 -topoInstance $topo \
                 -wiredRouting ON \
                 -agentTrace OFF \
                 -routerTrace OFF \
                 -macTrace ON  \
                 -movementTrace OFF

#puts "Configuration of base station"

set bstation [$ns node 1.0.0]
$bstation random-motion 0
#provide some co-ord (fixed) to base station node
$bstation set X_ 550.0
$bstation set Y_ 550.0
$bstation set Z_ 0.0
set clas [new SDUClassifier/Dest]
[$bstation set mac_(0)] add-classifier $clas


#set the scheduler for the node. Must be changed to -shed [new $opt(sched)]
set bs_sched [new WimaxScheduler/BS]
$bs_sched set-default-modulation [lindex $argv 0]     ;#OFDM_BPSK_1_2
[$bstation set mac_(0)] set-scheduler $bs_sched
[$bstation set mac_(0)] set-channel 0
puts "Base-Station node created"


# create the link between sink node and base station
$ns duplex-link $sinkNode $bstation 100Mb 1ms DropTail
######################


########################################################

#set the bumber of UGS connections
set nb_UGS 5

#### interval_ of the CBR traffic ####
set interval_ugs(1) 0.15
set interval_ugs(2) 0.2
set interval_ugs(3) 0.25
set interval_ugs(4) 0.27
set interval_ugs(5) 0.3

set interval_ugs(6) 0.04
set interval_ugs(7) 0.05
set interval_ugs(8) 0.1
set interval_ugs(9) 0.1
######################################


#### SNR of the UGS connections#########
set SNR_ugs(1) 9.5
set SNR_ugs(2) 12.5
set SNR_ugs(3) 16.5
set SNR_ugs(4) 20.5
set SNR_ugs(5) 22.5

set SNR_ugs(6) 12.5
set SNR_ugs(7) 12.5
set SNR_ugs(8) 12.5
set SNR_ugs(9) 12.5
########################################

$ns node-config -wiredRouting OFF \
                -macTrace ON   ;# Mobile nodes cannot do routing.

for {set j 1} {$j < [expr $nb_UGS + 1]} {incr j} {
set wl_node_ugs($j) [$ns node 1.0.[expr $j]] ;# create the node with given @.

$wl_node_ugs($j) random-motion 0 ;# disable random motion
$wl_node_ugs($j) base-station [AddrParams addr2id [$bstation node-addr]] ;#attach mn to basestation
#compute position of the node
$wl_node_ugs($j) set X_ [expr 450 + 5 * $j]
$wl_node_ugs($j) set Y_ [expr 450]
$wl_node_ugs($j) set Z_ 0.0

#puts "wireless node $j created"

set clas [new SDUClassifier/Dest]
[$wl_node_ugs($j) set mac_(0)] add-classifier $clas
#set the scheduler for the node. Must be changed to -shed [new $opt(sched)]
set ss_sched [new WimaxScheduler/SS]
[$wl_node_ugs($j) set mac_(0)] set-scheduler $ss_sched
[$wl_node_ugs($j) set mac_(0)] set-channel 0


#Create a UDP agent and attach it to wl_node$j
set udp_ugs($j) [new Agent/UDP]
$udp_ugs($j) set packetSize_ 1000
$ns attach-agent $wl_node_ugs($j) $udp_ugs($j)


# Create a CBR traffic source and attach it to udp4
set cbr_ugs($j) [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr_ugs($j) set packetSize_ 1000
$cbr_ugs($j) set interval_ $interval_ugs($j)
$cbr_ugs($j) attach-agent $udp_ugs($j)

# Create the Null agent to sink traffic
set null_ugs($j) [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $sinkNode $null_ugs($j)

# Attach the 2 agents
$ns connect $udp_ugs($j) $null_ugs($j)
$udp_ugs($j) set fid_ $j


## add-flow TrafficPriority MaximumSustainedTrafficRate MinimumReservedTrafficRate ServiceFlowSchedulingType
##ServiceFlowSchedulingType: 0=>SERVICE_UGS, 1=>SERVICE_rtPS, 2=>SERVICE_nrtPS, 3=>SERVICE_BE
$ss_sched add-flow 5 [expr 30 + [$cbr_ugs($j) set packetSize_] * [Mac/802_16 set frame_duration_] / [$cbr_ugs($j) set interval_]] 0 0

##set-PeerNode-SNR PeerNode SNR
$ns at 1.5 "$bs_sched set-PeerNode-SNR [expr $j] $SNR_ugs($j)"

##set-PeerNode-UGSPeriodicity PeerNode Periodicity (periodicity of the reservation, every k frames)
$ns at 1.5 "$bs_sched set-PeerNode-UGSPeriodicity [expr $j] 1"

#Schedule start/stop of traffic
$ns at $traffic_start "$cbr_ugs($j) start"
$ns at $traffic_stop "$cbr_ugs($j) stop"

}
####################

################################################
## rtPS connections
# The identity of the first rtPS connection is k, the second is k+1, and so on
set first_rtPS 101

#set the bumber of rtPS connections
set nb_rtPS 9


#set the number of symbols reserved for unicast request opportunities
$bs_sched set-SymbolNumberForUnicastRequest 3


set rtPS_scheduler_ [lindex $argv 2]

#bs_sched set-rtPSscheduling scheduling
$bs_sched set-rtPSscheduling $rtPS_scheduler_


proc send_next_packet_VBR {udp_ size_ interval_} {
  global ns traffic_stop
$udp_ send [expr round([$size_ value])]
#$udp_ send 1000 # constant if CBR

if {[$ns now] < [expr $traffic_stop - $interval_]} {
  $ns at [expr [$ns now] + $interval_] "send_next_packet_VBR $udp_ $size_ $interval_"
}

}


# seed the default RNG
global defaultRNG
$defaultRNG seed 9999

#### interval_ ########
set interval_rtPS(1) 0.01
set interval_rtPS(2) 0.04
set interval_rtPS(3) 0.05
set interval_rtPS(4) 0.02
set interval_rtPS(5) 0.05
set interval_rtPS(6) 0.04
set interval_rtPS(7) 0.03
set interval_rtPS(8) 0.02
set interval_rtPS(9) 0.03
#######################


#### SNR ############
set SNR_rtPS(1) 7.0
set SNR_rtPS(2) 7.5
set SNR_rtPS(3) 9.0
set SNR_rtPS(4) 12.0
set SNR_rtPS(5) 17.0
set SNR_rtPS(6) 17.5
set SNR_rtPS(7) 20.0
set SNR_rtPS(8) 24.0
set SNR_rtPS(9) 25.5
#####################
#### WRR ########################
# set the weights if using WRR
if {$rtPS_scheduler_ == "WRR"} {
set WRR_rtPS(1) 1
set WRR_rtPS(2) 1
set WRR_rtPS(3) 1
set WRR_rtPS(4) 2
set WRR_rtPS(5) 2
set WRR_rtPS(6) 3
set WRR_rtPS(7) 3

set WRR_rtPS(8) 4
set WRR_rtPS(9) 4
}
##################################

##################
#set-TRSparameters-SNR-Tr-Tp-L SNRth Tr Tp L
$bs_sched set-TRSparameters-SNR-Tr-Tp-L 8.5 2 3 4
##################

$ns node-config -wiredRouting OFF \
                -macTrace ON   ;# Mobile nodes cannot do routing.

for {set j $first_rtPS} {$j < [expr $first_rtPS + $nb_rtPS]} {incr j} {
set wl_node_rtPS($j) [$ns node 1.0.[expr $nb_UGS + $j + 1 - $first_rtPS]] ;# create the node with given @.

$wl_node_rtPS($j) random-motion 0 ;# disable random motion
$wl_node_rtPS($j) base-station [AddrParams addr2id [$bstation node-addr]] ;#attach mn to basestation
#compute position of the node
$wl_node_rtPS($j) set X_ [expr 550 + 5 * [expr $j + 1 - $first_rtPS]]
$wl_node_rtPS($j) set Y_ [expr 650]
$wl_node_rtPS($j) set Z_ 0.0

#puts "wireless node $j created"

set clas [new SDUClassifier/Dest]
[$wl_node_rtPS($j) set mac_(0)] add-classifier $clas
#set the scheduler for the node. Must be changed to -shed [new $opt(sched)]
set ss_sched [new WimaxScheduler/SS]
[$wl_node_rtPS($j) set mac_(0)] set-scheduler $ss_sched
[$wl_node_rtPS($j) set mac_(0)] set-channel 0


#Create a UDP agent and attach it to wl_node$j
set udp_rtPS($j) [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $wl_node_rtPS($j) $udp_rtPS($j)

# Create the Null agent to sink traffic
set null_rtPS($j) [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $sinkNode $null_rtPS($j)

# Attach the 2 agents
$ns connect $udp_rtPS($j) $null_rtPS($j)
$udp_rtPS($j) set fid_ $j

set interval_rtPS($j) $interval_rtPS([expr $j + 1 - $first_rtPS])


## exponential distribution
#set sizeRNG_rtPS($j) [new RNG]

#set size_rtPS($j) [new RandomVariable/Exponential]
#$size_rtPS($j) set avg_ 1000
#$size_rtPS($j) use-rng $sizeRNG_rtPS($j)

# uniform distribution
set sizeRNG_rtPS($j) [new RNG]

set size_rtPS($j) [new RandomVariable/Uniform]
$size_rtPS($j) set min_ 500
$size_rtPS($j) set max_ 1500
$size_rtPS($j) use-rng $sizeRNG_rtPS($j)


## add-flow TrafficPriority MaximumSustainedTrafficRate MinimumReservedTrafficRate ServiceFlowSchedulingType
##ServiceFlowSchedulingType: 0=>SERVICE_UGS, 1=>SERVICE_rtPS, 2=>SERVICE_nrtPS, 3=>SERVICE_BE
$ss_sched add-flow 5 0 0 1

##set-PeerNode-SNR PeerNode SNR
$ns at 1.5 "$bs_sched set-PeerNode-SNR [expr $nb_UGS + $j + 1 - $first_rtPS] $SNR_rtPS([expr $j + 1 - $first_rtPS])"

##set-PeerNode-UnicastRequestPeriodicity PeerNode Periodicity
$ns at 1.5 "$bs_sched set-PeerNode-UnicastRequestPeriodicity [expr $nb_UGS + $j + 1 - $first_rtPS] 2"


if {$rtPS_scheduler_ == "WRR"} {
  # set-PeerNode-WRRschedulingForrtPS PeerNode Weight
  $ns at 1.5 "$bs_sched set-PeerNode-WRRschedulingForrtPS [expr $nb_UGS + $j + 1 - $first_rtPS] $WRR_rtPS([expr $j + 1 - $first_rtPS])"
}



$ns at [expr 15.0 + [expr $j + 1 - $first_rtPS] * 0] "send_next_packet_VBR $udp_rtPS($j) $size_rtPS($j) $interval_rtPS($j)"

#puts "n[expr $nb_UGS + $j + 1 - $first_rtPS] starts at [expr 15.0 + [expr $j + 1 - $first_rtPS] * 0]"

}


####################################################################
set first_BE 301

$ns node-config -wiredRouting OFF \
                -macTrace ON   ;# Mobile nodes cannot do routing.

set wl_node_BE($first_BE) [$ns node 1.0.[expr $nb_UGS + $nb_rtPS + 1]] ;# create the node with given @.
$wl_node_BE($first_BE) random-motion 0 ;# disable random motion
$wl_node_BE($first_BE) base-station [AddrParams addr2id [$bstation node-addr]] ;#attach mn to basestation
#compute position of the node
$wl_node_BE($first_BE) set X_ 559.0
$wl_node_BE($first_BE) set Y_ 617.0
$wl_node_BE($first_BE) set Z_ 0.0

puts "wireless node _BE $first_BE created"

set clas [new SDUClassifier/Dest]
[$wl_node_BE($first_BE) set mac_(0)] add-classifier $clas
#set the scheduler for the node. Must be changed to -shed [new $opt(sched)]
set ss_sched [new WimaxScheduler/SS]
[$wl_node_BE($first_BE) set mac_(0)] set-scheduler $ss_sched
[$wl_node_BE($first_BE) set mac_(0)] set-channel 0


##set-PeerNode-SNR PeerNode SNR
$ns at 1.3 "$bs_sched set-PeerNode-SNR [expr $nb_UGS + $nb_rtPS + 1] 12.3"

##set-BwRequestSendingPeriod BwRequestSendingPeriod_
$ss_sched set-BwRequestSendingPeriod 10

## add-flow TrafficPriority MaximumSustainedTrafficRate MinimumReservedTrafficRate ServiceFlowSchedulingType
##ServiceFlowSchedulingType: 0 => SERVICE_UGS, 1 => SERVICE_rtPS, 2 => SERVICE_nrtPS, 3 => SERVICE_BE
$ss_sched add-flow 1 0 0 3

#set data_to_send_BE($first_BE) 30000
#$ns at $traffic_start "$ss_sched set-BandwidthBEconnections $data_to_send_BE($first_BE)"
#$ns at $traffic_start "uplink_ftp_tcp_data $wl_node_BE($first_BE) $first_BE $data_to_send_BE($first_BE)"

$ns at 13.0 "uplink_ftp_tcp $wl_node_BE($first_BE) $first_BE"
#################################################################################

####################################################################
$ns node-config -wiredRouting OFF \
                -macTrace ON   ;# Mobile nodes cannot do routing.

set wl_node_BE([expr $first_BE + 1]) [$ns node 1.0.[expr $nb_UGS + $nb_rtPS + 2]] ;# create the node with given @.
$wl_node_BE([expr $first_BE + 1]) random-motion 0 ;# disable random motion
$wl_node_BE([expr $first_BE + 1]) base-station [AddrParams addr2id [$bstation node-addr]] ;#attach mn to basestation
#compute position of the node
$wl_node_BE([expr $first_BE + 1]) set X_ 465.0
$wl_node_BE([expr $first_BE + 1]) set Y_ 523.0
$wl_node_BE([expr $first_BE + 1]) set Z_ 0.0

puts "wireless node [expr $first_BE + 1] created"

set clas [new SDUClassifier/Dest]
[$wl_node_BE([expr $first_BE + 1]) set mac_(0)] add-classifier $clas
#set the scheduler for the node. Must be changed to -shed [new $opt(sched)]
set ss_sched [new WimaxScheduler/SS]
[$wl_node_BE([expr $first_BE + 1]) set mac_(0)] set-scheduler $ss_sched
[$wl_node_BE([expr $first_BE + 1]) set mac_(0)] set-channel 0


##set-PeerNode-SNR PeerNode SNR
$ns at 1.3 "$bs_sched set-PeerNode-SNR [expr $nb_UGS + $nb_rtPS + 2] 12.32"

##set-BwRequestSendingPeriod BwRequestSendingPeriod_
$ss_sched set-BwRequestSendingPeriod 10

## add-flow TrafficPriority MaximumSustainedTrafficRate MinimumReservedTrafficRate ServiceFlowSchedulingType
##ServiceFlowSchedulingType: 0 => SERVICE_UGS, 1 => SERVICE_rtPS, 2 => SERVICE_nrtPS, 3 => SERVICE_BE
$ss_sched add-flow 1 0 0 3

#set data_to_send_BE([expr $first_BE + 1]) 30000
#$ns at $traffic_start "uplink_ftp_tcp_data $wl_node_BE([expr $first_BE + 1]) [expr $first_BE + 1] $data_to_send_BE([expr $first_BE + 1])"

$ns at 13.0 "uplink_ftp_tcp $wl_node_BE([expr $first_BE + 1]) [expr $first_BE + 1]"
#################################################################################

proc uplink_ftp_tcp_data {wl_node fid data_to_send} {
global ns sinkNode
#Setup a TCP connection
set tcp [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]
$ns attach-agent $wl_node $tcp
set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $sinkNode $sink
$ns connect $tcp $sink
$tcp set fid_ $fid
$tcp set packetSize_ 1000

#setup a FTP over TCP connection
set ftp [new Application/FTP]
$ftp attach-agent $tcp
$ftp set type_ FTP
$ftp set packetSize_ 1000

$ftp send $data_to_send
}



proc uplink_ftp_tcp {wl_node fid} {
global ns sinkNode
#Setup a TCP connection
set tcp [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]
$ns attach-agent $wl_node $tcp
set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $sinkNode $sink
$ns connect $tcp $sink
$tcp set fid_ $fid
$tcp set packetSize_ 1000

#setup a FTP over TCP connection
set ftp [new Application/FTP]
$ftp attach-agent $tcp
$ftp set type_ FTP
$ftp set packetSize_ 1000

$ftp start
}

################procedure : Record ####################
set f0 [open 1_out.tr w]

proc record {} {
global f0 cbr
set ns [Simulator instance]
set time 0.05
set now [$ns now]
set packetSize [$cbr set packetSize_]
set rate [$cbr set rate_]
set seqno [$cbr set seqno_]
puts $f0 "$now paketSize $packetSize rate $rate seqno $seqno"
$ns at [expr $now + $time] "record"
}

##$ns at $traffic_start "record"
########################################################
$ns at $simulation_stop "finish"
puts "Starts simulation"
$ns run
puts "Simulation done."

#=============================================
Step 2:

Execute nam out.nam from your terminal window to see output.

The outputs like below,

                                     

                                             The Terminal output:

                                          The Trace File output is:

The Nam Output is:

Simple Android Gaming

                                     Gaming in Android

Follow the below steps to create a simple gaming application in Android.

Step1:

Create a XML file .

Step 2:

 
 Add the required images file to path

Step 3:

 Sample Java file for gaming


package com.kilobolt.robotgame;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;

import android.graphics.Color;
import android.graphics.Paint;

import com.kilobolt.framework.Game;
import com.kilobolt.framework.Graphics;
import com.kilobolt.framework.Image;
import com.kilobolt.framework.Input.TouchEvent;
import com.kilobolt.framework.Screen;

public class GameScreen extends Screen {
enum GameState {
Ready, Running, Paused, GameOver
}

GameState state = GameState.Ready;

// Variable Setup

private static Background bg1, bg2;
private static Robot robot;
public static Heliboy hb, hb2;

private Image currentSprite, character, character2, character3, heliboy,
heliboy2, heliboy3, heliboy4, heliboy5;
private Animation anim, hanim;

private ArrayList<Tile> tilearray = new ArrayList<Tile>();

int livesLeft = 1;
Paint paint, paint2;

public GameScreen(Game game) {
super(game);

// Initialize game objects here

bg1 = new Background(0, 0);
bg2 = new Background(2160, 0);
robot = new Robot();
hb = new Heliboy(340, 360);
hb2 = new Heliboy(700, 360);

character = Assets.character;
character2 = Assets.character2;
character3 = Assets.character3;

heliboy = Assets.heliboy;
heliboy2 = Assets.heliboy2;
heliboy3 = Assets.heliboy3;
heliboy4 = Assets.heliboy4;
heliboy5 = Assets.heliboy5;

anim = new Animation();
anim.addFrame(character, 1250);
anim.addFrame(character2, 50);
anim.addFrame(character3, 50);
anim.addFrame(character2, 50);

hanim = new Animation();
hanim.addFrame(heliboy, 100);
hanim.addFrame(heliboy2, 100);
hanim.addFrame(heliboy3, 100);
hanim.addFrame(heliboy4, 100);
hanim.addFrame(heliboy5, 100);
hanim.addFrame(heliboy4, 100);
hanim.addFrame(heliboy3, 100);
hanim.addFrame(heliboy2, 100);

currentSprite = anim.getImage();

loadMap();

// Defining a paint object
paint = new Paint();
paint.setTextSize(30);
paint.setTextAlign(Paint.Align.CENTER);
paint.setAntiAlias(true);
paint.setColor(Color.WHITE);

paint2 = new Paint();
paint2.setTextSize(100);
paint2.setTextAlign(Paint.Align.CENTER);
paint2.setAntiAlias(true);
paint2.setColor(Color.WHITE);

}

private void loadMap() {
ArrayList lines = new ArrayList();
int width = 0;
int height = 0;

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(SampleGame.map);
while (scanner.hasNextLine()) {
String line = scanner.nextLine();

// no more lines to read
if (line == null) {
break;
}

if (!line.startsWith("!")) {
lines.add(line);
width = Math.max(width, line.length());

}
}
height = lines.size();

for (int j = 0; j < 12; j++) {
String line = (String) lines.get(j);
for (int i = 0; i < width; i++) {

if (i < line.length()) {
char ch = line.charAt(i);
Tile t = new Tile(i, j, Character.getNumericValue(ch));
tilearray.add(t);
}

}
}

}

@Override
public void update(float deltaTime) {
List<TouchEvent> touchEvents = game.getInput().getTouchEvents();

// We have four separate update methods in this example.
// Depending on the state of the game, we call different update methods.
// Refer to Unit 3's code. We did a similar thing without separating the
// update methods.

if (state == GameState.Ready)
updateReady(touchEvents);
if (state == GameState.Running)
updateRunning(touchEvents, deltaTime);
if (state == GameState.Paused)
updatePaused(touchEvents);
if (state == GameState.GameOver)
updateGameOver(touchEvents);
}

private void updateReady(List<TouchEvent> touchEvents) {

// This example starts with a "Ready" screen.
// When the user touches the screen, the game begins.
// state now becomes GameState.Running.
// Now the updateRunning() method will be called!

if (touchEvents.size() > 0)
state = GameState.Running;
}

private void updateRunning(List<TouchEvent> touchEvents, float deltaTime) {

// This is identical to the update() method from our Unit 2/3 game.

// 1. All touch input is handled here:
int len = touchEvents.size();
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
TouchEvent event = touchEvents.get(i);
if (event.type == TouchEvent.TOUCH_DOWN) {

if (inBounds(event, 0, 285, 65, 65)) {
robot.jump();
currentSprite = anim.getImage();
robot.setDucked(false);
}

else if (inBounds(event, 0, 350, 65, 65)) {

if (robot.isDucked() == false && robot.isJumped() == false
&& robot.isReadyToFire()) {
robot.shoot();
}
}

else if (inBounds(event, 0, 415, 65, 65)
&& robot.isJumped() == false) {
currentSprite = Assets.characterDown;
robot.setDucked(true);
robot.setSpeedX(0);

}

if (event.x > 400) {
// Move right.
robot.moveRight();
robot.setMovingRight(true);

}

}

if (event.type == TouchEvent.TOUCH_UP) {

if (inBounds(event, 0, 415, 65, 65)) {
currentSprite = anim.getImage();
robot.setDucked(false);

}

if (inBounds(event, 0, 0, 35, 35)) {
pause();

}

if (event.x > 400) {
// Move right.
robot.stopRight();
}
}

}

// 2. Check miscellaneous events like death:

if (livesLeft == 0) {
state = GameState.GameOver;
}

// 3. Call individual update() methods here.
// This is where all the game updates happen.
// For example, robot.update();
robot.update();
if (robot.isJumped()) {
currentSprite = Assets.characterJump;
} else if (robot.isJumped() == false && robot.isDucked() == false) {
currentSprite = anim.getImage();
}

ArrayList projectiles = robot.getProjectiles();
for (int i = 0; i < projectiles.size(); i++) {
Projectile p = (Projectile) projectiles.get(i);
if (p.isVisible() == true) {
p.update();
} else {
projectiles.remove(i);
}
}

updateTiles();
hb.update();
hb2.update();
bg1.update();
bg2.update();
animate();

if (robot.getCenterY() > 500) {
state = GameState.GameOver;
}
}

private boolean inBounds(TouchEvent event, int x, int y, int width,
int height) {
if (event.x > x && event.x < x + width - 1 && event.y > y
&& event.y < y + height - 1)
return true;
else
return false;
}

private void updatePaused(List<TouchEvent> touchEvents) {
int len = touchEvents.size();
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
TouchEvent event = touchEvents.get(i);
if (event.type == TouchEvent.TOUCH_UP) {
if (inBounds(event, 0, 0, 800, 240)) {

if (!inBounds(event, 0, 0, 35, 35)) {
resume();
}
}

if (inBounds(event, 0, 240, 800, 240)) {
nullify();
goToMenu();
}
}
}
}

private void updateGameOver(List<TouchEvent> touchEvents) {
int len = touchEvents.size();
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
TouchEvent event = touchEvents.get(i);
if (event.type == TouchEvent.TOUCH_DOWN) {
if (inBounds(event, 0, 0, 800, 480)) {
nullify();
game.setScreen(new MainMenuScreen(game));
return;
}
}
}

}

private void updateTiles() {

for (int i = 0; i < tilearray.size(); i++) {
Tile t = (Tile) tilearray.get(i);
t.update();
}

}

@Override
public void paint(float deltaTime) {
Graphics g = game.getGraphics();

g.drawImage(Assets.background, bg1.getBgX(), bg1.getBgY());
g.drawImage(Assets.background, bg2.getBgX(), bg2.getBgY());
paintTiles(g);

ArrayList projectiles = robot.getProjectiles();
for (int i = 0; i < projectiles.size(); i++) {
Projectile p = (Projectile) projectiles.get(i);
g.drawRect(p.getX(), p.getY(), 10, 5, Color.YELLOW);
}
// First draw the game elements.

g.drawImage(currentSprite, robot.getCenterX() - 61,
robot.getCenterY() - 63);
g.drawImage(hanim.getImage(), hb.getCenterX() - 48,
hb.getCenterY() - 48);
g.drawImage(hanim.getImage(), hb2.getCenterX() - 48,
hb2.getCenterY() - 48);

// Example:
// g.drawImage(Assets.background, 0, 0);
// g.drawImage(Assets.character, characterX, characterY);

// Secondly, draw the UI above the game elements.
if (state == GameState.Ready)
drawReadyUI();
if (state == GameState.Running)
drawRunningUI();
if (state == GameState.Paused)
drawPausedUI();
if (state == GameState.GameOver)
drawGameOverUI();

}

private void paintTiles(Graphics g) {
for (int i = 0; i < tilearray.size(); i++) {
Tile t = (Tile) tilearray.get(i);
if (t.type != 0) {
g.drawImage(t.getTileImage(), t.getTileX(), t.getTileY());
}
}
}

public void animate() {
anim.update(10);
hanim.update(50);
}

private void nullify() {

// Set all variables to null. You will be recreating them in the
// constructor.
paint = null;
bg1 = null;
bg2 = null;
robot = null;
hb = null;
hb2 = null;
currentSprite = null;
character = null;
character2 = null;
character3 = null;
heliboy = null;
heliboy2 = null;
heliboy3 = null;
heliboy4 = null;
heliboy5 = null;
anim = null;
hanim = null;

// Call garbage collector to clean up memory.
System.gc();

}

private void drawReadyUI() {
Graphics g = game.getGraphics();

g.drawARGB(155, 0, 0, 0);
g.drawString("Tap to Start.", 400, 240, paint);

}

private void drawRunningUI() {
Graphics g = game.getGraphics();
g.drawImage(Assets.button, 0, 285, 0, 0, 65, 65);
g.drawImage(Assets.button, 0, 350, 0, 65, 65, 65);
g.drawImage(Assets.button, 0, 415, 0, 130, 65, 65);
g.drawImage(Assets.button, 0, 0, 0, 195, 35, 35);

}

private void drawPausedUI() {
Graphics g = game.getGraphics();
// Darken the entire screen so you can display the Paused screen.
g.drawARGB(155, 0, 0, 0);
g.drawString("Resume", 400, 165, paint2);
g.drawString("Menu", 400, 360, paint2);

}

private void drawGameOverUI() {
Graphics g = game.getGraphics();
g.drawRect(0, 0, 1281, 801, Color.BLACK);
g.drawString("GAME OVER.", 400, 240, paint2);
g.drawString("Tap to return.", 400, 290, paint);

}

@Override
public void pause() {
if (state == GameState.Running)
state = GameState.Paused;

}

@Override
public void resume() {
if (state == GameState.Paused)
state = GameState.Running;
}

@Override
public void dispose() {

}

@Override
public void backButton() {
pause();
}

private void goToMenu() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
game.setScreen(new MainMenuScreen(game));

}

public static Background getBg1() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return bg1;
}

public static Background getBg2() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return bg2;
}

public static Robot getRobot() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return robot;
}

}

Step 5:

   Add Permissions in Manifest file:

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

    package="com.kilobolt.robotgame"

    android:versionCode="1"

    android:versionName="1.0" >



    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WAKE_LOCK" />

    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />

    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.VIBRATE" />



    <uses-sdk

        android:minSdkVersion="8"

        android:targetSdkVersion="17" />



    <application

        android:icon="@drawable/icon"

        android:label="RobotGame" >

        <activity

            android:name=".SampleGame"

            android:configChanges="keyboard|keyboardHidden|orientation"

            android:label="RobotGame"

            android:screenOrientation="landscape" >

            <intent-filter>

                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />



                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />

            </intent-filter>

        </activity>

    </application>



</manifest>

Step 6:

    Run Application in Android Emulator

The  Sample Output images,,